VINEYARD CULTIVATION IN KASHMIR: A HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF DOGRA ERA AGRICULTURE

Abstract

The Dogra era in Kashmir, spanning from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, played a pivotal role in shaping the region’s agriculture, particularly in the cultivation of vineyards. Vineyard cultivation during this period represents a notable chapter in Kashmir’s agricultural history. This paper examines the efforts made during the Dogra rule which actively promoted viticulture as part of broader economic development initiatives. Vineyards were established in various parts of Kashmir, leveraging the region’s favourable climatic and soil conditions. This era also saw the introduction of modern agricultural practices and the cultivation of improved grape varieties, which led to increased grape productivity and enhanced quality. In addition to its economic benefits, vineyard cultivation held significant cultural value, becoming interwoven with the daily lives of the people despite facing many challenges. Grapes emerged as a key crop for many farmers, and wine production developed into a prominent industry in Kashmir. With the support of foreign experts, the Dogra rulers facilitated the establishment of wineries in the Gupkar area of Srinagar and encouraged the consumption of locally produced wine. However, the decline of vineyard cultivation began in the mid-20th century, influenced by factors such as political instability, rising costs, shifts in agricultural policies, and the rise of alternative cash crops. In recent decades, efforts have been made to revive the viticulture industry in Kashmir, recognizing its historical importance and potential for economic development. While this aspect of history has been largely overlooked by scholars, this author has sought to highlight the key developments during the important period of Dogra rule.